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$xy$平面äøŠć«$y=f(x)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć‚’ęććØćć®ęœ€ć‚‚ē“ ęœ“ćŖę–¹ę³•ćÆļ¼Œ$y=f(x)$恮$x$ć«å…·ä½“ēš„ćŖå€¤ć‚’ä»£å…„ć—ć¦å¾—ć‚‰ć‚Œć‚‹é€šć‚‹ē‚¹$(x,y)$悒ē¹‹ć’ć‚‹ę–¹ę³•ć§ć™ļ¼Ž

ć“ć®ć‚ˆć†ć«ļ¼Œé€šć‚‹ē‚¹ć‚’$xy$平面äøŠć«ćØ悋恓ćØ悒惗惭惃惈ćØć„ć„ć¾ć™ļ¼Ž

ä¾‹ćˆć°ļ¼Œäø€ę™‚é–¢ę•°ć‚„äŗŒę¬”é–¢ę•°ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć‚’ęœ€åˆć«å­¦ć¶ćØ恍ćÆļ¼Œć»ćØ悓恩恮äŗŗćŒćƒ—ćƒ­ćƒƒćƒˆć§ę¦‚å½¢ć‚’ęŽ“ć‚“ć ćÆ恚恧恙ļ¼Ž

恗恋恗ļ¼Œćƒ—ćƒ­ćƒƒćƒˆć§ē¶ŗéŗ—ćŖć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć‚’ęćć«ćÆå¤šćć®ē‚¹ć‚’ćØ悉ćŖ恄ćØ恄恑ćŖ恄ćŖ恩ļ¼Œę•°å­¦ēš„恫ćÆć‚ć¾ć‚Šč‰Æć„ę–¹ę³•ćØćÆčØ€ćˆć¾ć›ć‚“ļ¼Ž

ćć“ć§ć“ć®čؘäŗ‹ć§ćÆ

  • 単čŖæ増加ćØ単čŖæęø›å°‘
  • å¾®åˆ†ć‚’ē”Øć„ćŸé–¢ę•°ć®å¢—ęø›
  • $y=f(x)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć®ęćę–¹ć®å…·ä½“ä¾‹

悒順恫čŖ¬ę˜Žć—ć¾ć™ļ¼Ž

é–¢ę•°ć®å¢—ęø›

ć¾ćšćÆé–¢ę•°ć®å¢—ęø›ć‚’ć©ć®ć‚ˆć†ć«č€ƒćˆć‚Œć°ć‚ˆć„ć‹ć‚’čŖ¬ę˜Žć—ć¾ć™ļ¼Ž

単čŖæ増加ćØ単čŖæęø›å°‘

ć¾ćšćÆ

  • 単čŖæ増加
  • 単čŖæęø›å°‘

ćØ恄恆ē”ØčŖžć‚’定ē¾©ć—ć¾ć—ć‚‡ć†ļ¼Ž

å®Ÿę•°$a,b$ ($a<b$)ćØé–¢ę•°$f(x)$悒考恈悋ļ¼Ž$a<b\Ra f(a)<f(b)$恌ꈐ悊ē«‹ć¤ćØ恍$f(x)$ćÆ$a<x<b$ć§å˜čŖæå¢—åŠ ć§ć‚ć‚‹ćØ恄恄ļ¼Œ$a<b\Ra f(a)>f(b)$恌ꈐ悊ē«‹ć¤ćØ恍$f(x)$ćÆ$a<x<b$ć§å˜čŖæęø›å°‘恧恂悋ćØ恄恆ļ¼Ž

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単čŖæ増加ćØ単čŖæęø›å°‘ć‚’ä½µć›ć¦å˜čŖæćØ恄恆ļ¼Ž

čØ€ć„ę›ćˆć‚‹ćØļ¼Œ

  • å¤§ćć„ć‚‚ć®ć‚’ä»£å…„ć™ć‚‹ć»ć©å¤§ćć„å€¤ć«ćŖć‚‹é–¢ę•°$f(x)$ć‚’å˜čŖæ増加
  • å¤§ćć„ć‚‚ć®ć‚’ä»£å…„ć™ć‚‹ć»ć©å°ć•ć„å€¤ć«ćŖć‚‹é–¢ę•°$f(x)$ć‚’å˜čŖæęø›å°‘

ćØ恄恆悏恑恧恙恭ļ¼Žć•ć‚‰ć«åˆ„恮čØ€ć„ę–¹ć‚’ć™ć‚Œć°ļ¼Œ

  • $xy$平面äøŠć®$y=f(x)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ćŒå³äøŠćŒć‚ŠćŖć‚‰å˜čŖæ増加
  • $xy$平面äøŠć®$y=f(x)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ćŒå³äø‹ćŒć‚ŠćŖć‚‰å˜čŖæęø›å°‘

ćØ恄恆恓ćØ恫ćŖć‚Šć¾ć™ć­ļ¼Ž

微分äæ‚ę•°ćØé–¢ę•°ć®å¢—ęø›

微分äæ‚ę•°$f'(a)$ćÆ$y=f(x)$恮$x=a$恧恮ꎄē·šć®å‚¾ćć®ć“ćØ恧恗恟恋悉

  1. $f'(a)>0$ćØćÆ怌$y=f(x)$恮ē‚¹$x=a$恧恮ꎄē·šć®å‚¾ććŒę­£ć€
  2. $f'(a)<0$ćØćÆ怌$y=f(x)$恮ē‚¹$x=a$恧恮ꎄē·šć®å‚¾ććŒč² ć€

ćØ恄恆恓ćØ恫ćŖć‚Šć¾ć™ļ¼Ž

ć‚ˆć£ć¦ļ¼Œå°Žé–¢ę•°$f’$ćŒć©ć“ć§ę­£ćŖć®ć‹č² ćŖć®ć‹ćŒåˆ†ć‹ć‚Œć°ļ¼Œ$y=f(x)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ćŒå³äøŠćŒć‚ŠćŖć®ć‹å³äø‹ćŒć‚ŠćŖć®ć‹ćŒåˆ†ć‹ć‚Šļ¼Œć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć®ę¦‚å½¢ćŒå¾—ć‚‰ć‚Œć¾ć™ć­ļ¼Ž

å®Ÿę•°$a,b$ ($a<b$)ćØé–¢ę•°$f(x)$悒考恈悋ļ¼Žć“恮ćØ恍ļ¼Œ$a<x<b$ć§é–¢ę•°$f(x)$ćŒå¾®åˆ†åÆčƒ½ć§

  • $f'(x)>0$ćŖ悉$a<x<b$ć§é–¢ę•°$f(x)$ćÆ単čŖæ増加
  • $f'(x)<0$ćŖ悉$a<x<b$ć§é–¢ę•°$f(x)$ćÆ単čŖæęø›å°‘

恧恂悋ļ¼Œ

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恓恮恓ćØ悒čØ¼ę˜Žć™ć‚‹ćŸć‚ć«ćÆļ¼Œę•°å­¦IIIć§å­¦ć¶å¹³å‡å€¤ć®å®šē†ćŒåæ…要ćŖ恮恧恓恓恧ćÆčØ¼ę˜Žć—ć¾ć›ć‚“ļ¼Ž

$y=f(x)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć®ęćę–¹

仄äøŠć®ć‚ˆć†ć«é–¢ę•°ć®å¢—ęø›ćŒå°Žé–¢ę•°ć‹ć‚‰å¾—ć‚‰ć‚Œć‚‹ć“ćØ悒ē”Ø恄悌恰ļ¼Œ$y=f(x)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć‚’ęćć“ćØćŒć§ćć¾ć™ļ¼Ž

仄äø‹ć§å…·ä½“ēš„ć«ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć®ęćę–¹ć‚’ćæć¦ć„ćć¾ć—ć‚‡ć†ļ¼Ž

具体例ļ¼‘

$xy$平面äøŠć«$y=x^2-1$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć‚’ęć‘ļ¼Ž

ļ¼’ę¬”é–¢ę•°ć®åˆ†é‡Žć§å­¦ć‚“ć ć“ćØ恋悉ļ¼Œé ‚ē‚¹$(0,-1)$恮äø‹ć«å‡øćŖę”¾ē‰©ē·šć«ćŖ悋恓ćØćŒåˆ†ć‹ć‚Šć¾ć™ćŒļ¼Œå°Žé–¢ę•°ć‚’ē”Øć„ć¦ć‚‚ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ćŒęć‘ć‚‹ć“ćØ悒見恦ćæć¾ć—ć‚‡ć†ļ¼Ž

$f(x)=x^2-1$ćØ恙悋ćØļ¼Œ$f$ć®å°Žé–¢ę•°ćÆ$f'(x)=2x$恧恙ļ¼Žć‚ˆć£ć¦ļ¼Œę–¹ē؋式$f'(x)=0$ćÆ

    \begin{align*}f'(x)=0\iff 2x=0\iff x=0\end{align*}

ćØč§£ć‘ć¾ć™ļ¼Žć‚ˆć£ć¦ļ¼Œ$x=0$恧$f'(x)$ć®ę­£č² ćŒåˆ‡ć‚Šę›æ悏悋åÆčƒ½ę€§ćŒć‚ć‚Šļ¼Œå®Ÿéš›

  • $x<0$恮ćØ恍ćÆ$f'(x)<0$恠恋悉$f(x)$ćÆ単čŖæ増加
  • $x>0$恮ćØ恍ćÆ$f'(x)>0$恠恋悉$f(x)$ćÆ単čŖæęø›å°‘

ćŖ恮恧ļ¼Œ$f(x)$ć®å¢—ęø›ć‚’č”Ø恧č”Ø恙ćØ

    \begin{align*}\begin{array}{c||c|c|c} x & \dots & 0 & \dots \\ \hline f'(x) & - & 0 & + \\ \hline f(x) &\searrow & -1 & \nearrow \end{array}\end{align*}

ćØćŖć‚Šć¾ć™ć­ļ¼ˆ$f(0)=-1$ćÆ悂ćØ恮$f(x)=x^2-1$恫$x=0$ć‚’ä»£å…„ć™ć‚Œć°å¾—ć‚‰ć‚Œć¾ć™ć­ļ¼‰ļ¼Ž

仄äøŠć‚ˆć‚Šļ¼Œ$y=f(x)$ćÆäø‹å›³ć®ć‚ˆć†ćŖć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć«ćŖć‚Šć¾ć™ć­ļ¼Ž

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ć“ć®č§£ē­”恮$f(x)$ć®å¢—ęø›ć‚’č”Ø恗恟č”Ø恮恓ćØć‚’å¢—ęø›č”ØćØć‚ˆć³ć¾ć™ļ¼Ž

ć“ć®å•é”Œć®ć‚ˆć†ć«ļ¼Œå¾®åˆ†åÆčƒ½ćŖé–¢ę•°$f(x)$恫åÆ¾ć—ć¦ļ¼Œ$y=f(x)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ćÆ

  1. $f$ć®å°Žé–¢ę•°$f’$悒걂悁悋ļ¼Ž
  2. $x$ć®ę–¹ē؋式$f'(x)=0$ć‚’č§£ć
  3. 増ęø›č”Ø悒ę›ø恏
  4. 増ęø›č”Ø悒悂ćØć«ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć‚’ęć

恮ļ¼”ć‚¹ćƒ†ćƒƒćƒ—ć§ęćć“ćØćŒć§ćć¾ć™ļ¼Ž

具体例ļ¼’

$xy$平面äøŠć«$y=\dfrac{1}{4}(x^3+3x^2-9x-7)$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć‚’ęć‘ļ¼Ž

$f(x)=\dfrac{1}{4}(x^3+3x^2-9x-7)$ćØ恙悋ćØļ¼Œ$f$ć®å°Žé–¢ę•°ćÆ

    \begin{align*}f'(x)=&\frac{1}{4}(3x^2+6x-9) \\=&\frac{3}{4}(x^2+2x-3) \\=&\frac{3}{4}(x+3)(x-1)\end{align*}

恧恙ļ¼Žć‚ˆć£ć¦ļ¼Œę–¹ē؋式$f'(x)=0$ćÆ$x=-3,1$ćØč§£ć‘ć¾ć™ļ¼Žć“ć‚Œć‚ˆć‚Šļ¼Œ

  • $x<-3$恮ćØ恍ćÆ$f'(x)>0$恠恋悉$f(x)$ćÆ単čŖæ増加
  • $-3<x<1$恮ćØ恍ćÆ$f'(x)<0$恠恋悉$f(x)$ćÆ単čŖæęø›å°‘
  • $1<x$恮ćØ恍ćÆ$f'(x)>0$恠恋悉$f(x)$ćÆ単čŖæ増加

ćŖ恮恧ļ¼Œ$f(x)$ć®å¢—ęø›č”ØćÆ

    \begin{align*}\begin{array}{c||c|c|c|c|c} x & \dots & -3 & \dots & 1 & \dots \\ \hline f'(x) & + & 0 & - & 0 & + \\ \hline f(x) &\nearrow & 5 & \searrow& -3 & \nearrow \end{array}\end{align*}

ćØćŖć‚Šć¾ć™ć­ļ¼ˆ$f(-3)=5$ćØ$f(1)=-3$ćÆå®Ÿéš›ć«ä»£å…„ć—ć¦å¾—ć‚‰ć‚Œć¾ć™ļ¼‰ļ¼Ž

仄äøŠć‚ˆć‚Šļ¼Œ$y=f(x)$ćÆäø‹å›³ć®ć‚ˆć†ćŖć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć«ćŖć‚Šć¾ć™ć­ļ¼Ž

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具体例ļ¼“

$xy$平面äøŠć«$y=-x^3+3x^2-3x+3$ć®ć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć‚’ęć‘ļ¼Ž

$f(x)=-x^3+3x^2-3x+3$ć®å°Žé–¢ę•°ćÆ

    \begin{align*}f'(x) =&-3x^2+6x-3 \\=&-3(x^2-2x+1) \\=&-3(x-1)^2\end{align*}

ćŖ恮恧ļ¼Œę–¹ē؋式$f'(x)=0$ćÆ$x=1$ćØč§£ć‘ć¾ć™ļ¼Žć¾ćŸļ¼Œ$f(x)$ć®å¢—ęø›č”ØćÆ

    \begin{align*}\begin{array}{c||c|c|c} x & \dots & 1 & \dots \\ \hline f'(x) & - & 0 & - \\ \hline f(x) &\searrow & 2 & \searrow \end{array}\end{align*}

ćØćŖć‚Šć¾ć™ļ¼Žć™ćŖć‚ć”ļ¼Œ$f(x)$ćÆ単čŖæęø›å°‘恧恙恭ļ¼Ž

仄äøŠć‚ˆć‚Šļ¼Œ$y=f(x)$ćÆäø‹å›³ć®ć‚ˆć†ćŖć‚°ćƒ©ćƒ•ć«ćŖć‚Šć¾ć™ć­ļ¼Ž

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例ļ¼“ć®ć‚ˆć†ć«å°Žé–¢ę•°$f'(x)$恌$0$恫ć‚æćƒƒćƒć—ć¦å¼•ćčæ”ć™ć‚ˆć†ćŖå “åˆć«ćÆļ¼Œ$f'(x)=0$ćØćŖ悋$x$ć§å…„ć‚Œę›æć‚ć‚Šć¾ć›ć‚“ļ¼Ž

大切ćŖ恓ćØćÆ$f'(x)$ć®ę­£č² ć§ć‚ć£ć¦ļ¼Œ$f'(x)=0$ć®č§£$x$悒걂悁悋恮ćÆćć®ē‚¹ć§$f'(x)$ć®ę­£č² ćŒåˆ‡ć‚Šę›æ悏悋åÆčƒ½ę€§ćŒć‚ć‚‹ć‹ć‚‰ć§ć™ć­ļ¼Ž

ć‚ˆć£ć¦ļ¼Œå…·ä½“例ļ¼“ć®ć‚ˆć†ć«$f'(x)=0$ćØćŖ悋$x$ćÆć€Œå¢—åŠ ćØęø›å°‘ćŒå…„悌ę›æ悏悊恆悋$x$ć€ć§ć‚ć£ć¦ļ¼Œåæ…ćšć—ć‚‚å…„悌ę›æ悏悋ćØćÆ限悉ćŖ恄恓ćØ恫ę³Øę„ć—ć¦ćć ć•ć„ļ¼Ž

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